2 декабря 2015 г.

Basic Things: Weak Verbs


The weak verbs are divided into three groups:
1) Verbs ending in -jen (e.g. xouzjen 'to hear')
2) Verbs ending in -nen (e.g. leunen 'to lie')
3) Verbs similar in form with strong verbs (e.g. liben 'to live')

The inflectional paragidm of the 1st weak class is as follows (the examples are given for the verb xouzjen 'to drink':
personPresentPastFutureexample Presentexample Pastexample Future
1s (I)-ja-j(e)da-jouik xouzjouik xouzjdaik xouzjou
2s (thou)-jes-j(e)da-jaisþu xouzjesþu xouzjdaþu xouzjais
3s (he/she/it)-jet-j(e)da-jaiis xouzjetis xouzjdais xouzjai
1p (we)-jam-jedu-jaimvis xouzjamvis xouzjeduvis xouzjaim
2p (you)-jet-jedu-jaitjus xouzjetjus xouzjedujus xouzjait
3p (they)-jen-jedu-jainjai xouzjenjai xouzjedujai xouzjain
Active participle: xouzjend, passive participle: xouzjed.

The inflectional paragidm of the 2nd weak class is as follows (the examples are given for the verb leunen 'to lie':
personPresentPastFutureexample Presentexample Pastexample Future
1s (I)-na-neda-nouik leunaik leunedaik leunou
2s (thou)-nes-neda-naisþu leunesþu leunedaþu leunais
3s (he/she/it)-net-neda-naiis leunetis leunedais leunai
1p (we)-nam-nedu-naimvis leunamvis leuneduvis leunaim
2p (you)-net-nedu-naitjus leunetjus leunedujus leunait
3p (they)-nen-nedu-nainjai leunenjai leunedujai leunain
Active participle: leunend, passive participle: *leuned.

The inflectional paragidm of the 3rd weak class is as follows (the examples are given for the verb liben 'to live':
personPresentPastFutureexample Presentexample Pastexample Future
1s (I)-a-ta/-da-ouik libaik libdaik libou
2s (thou)-s-ta/-da-aisþu libsþu libdaþu libais
3s (he/she/it)-t-ta/-da-aiis libtis libdais libai
1p (we)-am-(t)edu-aimvis libamvis libeduvis libaim
2p (you)-t-(t)edu-aitjus libtjus libedujus libait
3p (they)-en-(t)edu-ainjai libenjai libedujai libain
Active participle: libend, passive participle: *libd.

The verbs of the 2nd class and certain verbs of the 3rd class have -a- instead of -e- in all forms in archaic speech.

There are also several verbs with infinitive in -jan that have the endings of the 3rd class, notably þankjen 'to think' (past þaxta), xugjen 'to count' (past xuxta), magen 'may' (past maxta), aigen 'to have' (past exta), bringen 'to bring' (past braxta), brukjen 'to use' (past bruxta), bugjen 'to buy' (past boxta), gadugen 'to manage' (past gadoxta).

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