There are three grammatic tenses: past, present, and future. The grammatical markers of the tenses are given in the material on verbs.
The perfective/imperfective aspect is not directly expressed, in contrast to the existence of the 'auxiliary verb + past participle' forms typical for other European languages. For these purposes, the word noux 'yet' and jut 'already' are generally used. Some verbs have special perfective counterparts with ga- or other prefixes, for example bringen and gabringen, both meaning 'to bring'. It should be noted, however, that the prefix ga- not always has the perfective meaning, cf. bergen 'to keep, guard' and gabergen 'to accumulate, economize'.
There is, however, a special way of expressing perfective aspect for intransitive verbs. This includes a combination of the verb visen 'to be' in the present tense and the past participle of the corresponding verb. For example, to express the idea 'I've got tired' one can use the verb visen in the present tense and add the past participle of the verb afmajen 'to get tired' to it: ik im afmajd.
Unlike the perfective aspect, the continuous aspect is very frequently expressed and underlined. The formula for the continuous verb forms is the same as in English: the verb visen + active participle, for example ik im itend 'I'm eating'. The same is right for the past and the future tense, where one can say ik vas itend 'I was eating' or ik sjou itend 'I will be eating'.
One should note that there are two ways of expressing the future tense. One of them has already been discussed: there is a special set of verbal endings which descend from old subjunctive/optative forms. There is, however, an analytical formula for the future tense, which is as follows: the verb visen in the future + infinitive, for example ik sjou iten 'I'll eat'.
The general difference between these two forms can be roughly described as follows:
- The analytical form can be described as used to refer to the further future than the synthetic one, e.g. if we want to say 'I will be studying at the university after five years', it is more correct to use the former (ik sjou in s'universitaita studiren afta fim jeram), while if we want to say 'I'm going to Greece this summer', the synthetic formula is better (ik gangou ta Kreklanda þat axsen).
- The synthetical form denotes an action occurring only onse, while the analytical one underlines the repeated or continuous character of the action. For example, if we want to say 'I'll jump', ik leupou will mean 'I will make one jumping movement', while ik sjou leupen will mean 'I will be jumping, I will make many jumping movements'.
- The synthetical form might be used to express sunbjunctive mood, while the analytical one can not. For example, if we say is keumai, it could mean not only "he will come", but also "he might come" or "he would come". The use of the synthetic plural in the place of subjunctive is bookish and does not occur in the spoken language.
The passive forms of verbs are analytical, consisting of the auxiliary verb visen and the past participle, for example 'I'm being helped' is ik im xilped, and 'the house will be burnt' is sa xuz sjai gabrannjed.
As for the moods, there are three of them: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.
The imperative mood has its own grammatical form, which is the pure stem of the verb, e.g. sxak 'move!' from the verb sxaken 'to move'. The verbs with infinitives ending in and have imperatives on : e.g. xouzje 'hear!' from the verb xouzjen 'to hear' and sorne 'take care!' from the verb sornen 'to take care'.
The subjunctive mood forms are more or less identical to that of the indicative mood. In each case a separate construction is used. The most important ones are given below (on the example of "If you give me water, I'll drink it").
ibi þu mis vata gibais, ik drinkou it - 'if you give me water, I'll drink it' - for something that can still happen (both verbs are in subjunctive mood; the word ibi 'if' is used)
gabt ba þu mis vata, ik maxta it drinken - 'if you gave (had given) me water, I would drink (have drunk) it' - for something that can't happen any more, but once could have (unreal condition) (first verb is in the past with the enclitic ba 'if', the second verb is used with the modal verb magen in the past)
ibi ains mis vata gibt, ik drinka it - 'if someone gives me water, I drink it' - for something that usually happens (real condition) (both verbs are in the present, the word ibi 'if' is used)
ik maxta vata drinken - 'I would drink water' - "pure" subjunctive (more colloquial)
ik drinkou vata - 'I would drink water' - "pure" subjunctive (more bookish)
The perfective/imperfective aspect is not directly expressed, in contrast to the existence of the 'auxiliary verb + past participle' forms typical for other European languages. For these purposes, the word noux 'yet' and jut 'already' are generally used. Some verbs have special perfective counterparts with ga- or other prefixes, for example bringen and gabringen, both meaning 'to bring'. It should be noted, however, that the prefix ga- not always has the perfective meaning, cf. bergen 'to keep, guard' and gabergen 'to accumulate, economize'.
There is, however, a special way of expressing perfective aspect for intransitive verbs. This includes a combination of the verb visen 'to be' in the present tense and the past participle of the corresponding verb. For example, to express the idea 'I've got tired' one can use the verb visen in the present tense and add the past participle of the verb afmajen 'to get tired' to it: ik im afmajd.
Unlike the perfective aspect, the continuous aspect is very frequently expressed and underlined. The formula for the continuous verb forms is the same as in English: the verb visen + active participle, for example ik im itend 'I'm eating'. The same is right for the past and the future tense, where one can say ik vas itend 'I was eating' or ik sjou itend 'I will be eating'.
One should note that there are two ways of expressing the future tense. One of them has already been discussed: there is a special set of verbal endings which descend from old subjunctive/optative forms. There is, however, an analytical formula for the future tense, which is as follows: the verb visen in the future + infinitive, for example ik sjou iten 'I'll eat'.
The general difference between these two forms can be roughly described as follows:
- The analytical form can be described as used to refer to the further future than the synthetic one, e.g. if we want to say 'I will be studying at the university after five years', it is more correct to use the former (ik sjou in s'universitaita studiren afta fim jeram), while if we want to say 'I'm going to Greece this summer', the synthetic formula is better (ik gangou ta Kreklanda þat axsen).
- The synthetical form denotes an action occurring only onse, while the analytical one underlines the repeated or continuous character of the action. For example, if we want to say 'I'll jump', ik leupou will mean 'I will make one jumping movement', while ik sjou leupen will mean 'I will be jumping, I will make many jumping movements'.
- The synthetical form might be used to express sunbjunctive mood, while the analytical one can not. For example, if we say is keumai, it could mean not only "he will come", but also "he might come" or "he would come". The use of the synthetic plural in the place of subjunctive is bookish and does not occur in the spoken language.
The passive forms of verbs are analytical, consisting of the auxiliary verb visen and the past participle, for example 'I'm being helped' is ik im xilped, and 'the house will be burnt' is sa xuz sjai gabrannjed.
As for the moods, there are three of them: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.
The imperative mood has its own grammatical form, which is the pure stem of the verb, e.g. sxak 'move!' from the verb sxaken 'to move'. The verbs with infinitives ending in and have imperatives on : e.g. xouzje 'hear!' from the verb xouzjen 'to hear' and sorne 'take care!' from the verb sornen 'to take care'.
The subjunctive mood forms are more or less identical to that of the indicative mood. In each case a separate construction is used. The most important ones are given below (on the example of "If you give me water, I'll drink it").
ibi þu mis vata gibais, ik drinkou it - 'if you give me water, I'll drink it' - for something that can still happen (both verbs are in subjunctive mood; the word ibi 'if' is used)
gabt ba þu mis vata, ik maxta it drinken - 'if you gave (had given) me water, I would drink (have drunk) it' - for something that can't happen any more, but once could have (unreal condition) (first verb is in the past with the enclitic ba 'if', the second verb is used with the modal verb magen in the past)
ibi ains mis vata gibt, ik drinka it - 'if someone gives me water, I drink it' - for something that usually happens (real condition) (both verbs are in the present, the word ibi 'if' is used)
ik maxta vata drinken - 'I would drink water' - "pure" subjunctive (more colloquial)
ik drinkou vata - 'I would drink water' - "pure" subjunctive (more bookish)
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