Adjectives
Adjectives have their own declensional paradigm with two numbers and three genders, with separate forms for animate and inanimate subjects in the plural.
The paradigm is as follows:
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
In the attributive position, the adjectives are not declined and are always used in their dictionary form, e.g. sa musika ist grut 'the music is loud', not sa musika ist gruta.
The adjectives have two degrees of comparison: the comparative and the superlative degree.
The comparative degree is formed with the use of the ending -za or -is, depending on the structure of the root: the roots ending in voiceless consonants or -z and those ending in more than two consonants have -is, while the rest of the roots have -za. Thus, 'whiter' is pitis, 'haughtier' is malsxis but 'more beautiful' is sxounza.
The superlative degree is formed with the ending -(e)st. A prothetic -e- is added in case of two many consonants in a row: 'the newest' is sa nejst, but 'the kindest' is sa mildest. As it is seen in the examples, adjectives in the superlative degree tend to have a definite article before them.
Several adjectives have suppletive paradigms:
god 'good' - bats 'better' - sa batst 'the best'
vajg 'bad' - verzis 'worse' - sa verst 'the worst'
gran or mang 'big' - mais 'bigger' - sa mest 'the biggest'
lil 'small' - mins 'less' - sa minst 'the least'
The comparative and the superlative can also be formed with the use of the words mais 'more' (and, accordingly, mins 'less') and minst 'most' (in addition to minst 'least'). This is mostly true for the adjectives that have exceeding length, like interestin 'interesting' (mais interestin 'more interesting', sa mest interestin 'the most interesting').
Several prononuns and numerals that have the same declension as the adjectives, have a zero ending instead of the t-ending before neuter nouns. These words include the following:
all 'all', sum 'some', emper 'each, every', nalj 'other', nain 'no', ordinal numbers. Therefore, 'every year' is emper jer, not *empert jer, and 'the seventh day' is simed dag, not *simdet dag.
Adverbs
Adverbs usually have an -e ending. Like adjectives, they have degrees of comparison, and they use the same endings: fere 'far', ferza 'farther', ferste 'the farthest'. They may be formed from adjectives with the use of the ending -e.
Articles
There are two articles: sa 'the' and ain 'a'. They are not declined. Moreover, within a group beginning with the definite article only the noun is declined, while the preceding adjectives are used in their dictionary form, for example ain granet aldet xuz 'a big old house' vs. sa gran ald xuz 'the big old house'.
The definite article has a short form, s'., e.g. s'azberna 'the alphabet', not sa azberna. It is used before words beginning with vowels or in rapid speech. This is not an absolute rule, as the full form of the article may help differentiate between similar forms, such as s'and 'the end' vs. sand 'sand'.
If the definite article is used after the preposition 'to', it gets attached to it, so the resulting form is tas.
Adjectives have their own declensional paradigm with two numbers and three genders, with separate forms for animate and inanimate subjects in the plural.
The paradigm is as follows:
MASCULINE
| case | ending | alds guma 'old man' |
| Sing. Nom | -s | alds guma |
| Sing. Dat | -am | aldam gumin |
| Sing. Acc | -an | aldan guman |
| Plur. Nom | -i | aldi gumi |
| Plur. Dat | -im | aldim gumam |
| Plur. Acc | -as | aldas gumas |
FEMININE
| case | ending | alda viba 'old woman' |
| Sing. Nom | -a | alda viba |
| Sing. Dat | -i | aldi vibi |
| Sing. Acc | -a | alda viba |
| Plur. Nom | -i | aldi vibi |
| Plur. Dat | -im | aldim vibam |
| Plur. Acc | -as | aldas vibas |
NEUTER
| case | ending | aldet xuz 'old house' |
| Sing. Nom | -(e)t | aldet xuz |
| Sing. Dat | -am | aldam xuza |
| Sing. Acc | -(e)t | aldet xuz |
| Plur. Nom | -a | alda xuza |
| Plur. Dat | -im | aldim xuzam |
| Plur. Acc | -a | alda xuza |
In the attributive position, the adjectives are not declined and are always used in their dictionary form, e.g. sa musika ist grut 'the music is loud', not sa musika ist gruta.
The adjectives have two degrees of comparison: the comparative and the superlative degree.
The comparative degree is formed with the use of the ending -za or -is, depending on the structure of the root: the roots ending in voiceless consonants or -z and those ending in more than two consonants have -is, while the rest of the roots have -za. Thus, 'whiter' is pitis, 'haughtier' is malsxis but 'more beautiful' is sxounza.
The superlative degree is formed with the ending -(e)st. A prothetic -e- is added in case of two many consonants in a row: 'the newest' is sa nejst, but 'the kindest' is sa mildest. As it is seen in the examples, adjectives in the superlative degree tend to have a definite article before them.
Several adjectives have suppletive paradigms:
god 'good' - bats 'better' - sa batst 'the best'
vajg 'bad' - verzis 'worse' - sa verst 'the worst'
gran or mang 'big' - mais 'bigger' - sa mest 'the biggest'
lil 'small' - mins 'less' - sa minst 'the least'
The comparative and the superlative can also be formed with the use of the words mais 'more' (and, accordingly, mins 'less') and minst 'most' (in addition to minst 'least'). This is mostly true for the adjectives that have exceeding length, like interestin 'interesting' (mais interestin 'more interesting', sa mest interestin 'the most interesting').
Several prononuns and numerals that have the same declension as the adjectives, have a zero ending instead of the t-ending before neuter nouns. These words include the following:
all 'all', sum 'some', emper 'each, every', nalj 'other', nain 'no', ordinal numbers. Therefore, 'every year' is emper jer, not *empert jer, and 'the seventh day' is simed dag, not *simdet dag.
Adverbs
Adverbs usually have an -e ending. Like adjectives, they have degrees of comparison, and they use the same endings: fere 'far', ferza 'farther', ferste 'the farthest'. They may be formed from adjectives with the use of the ending -e.
Articles
There are two articles: sa 'the' and ain 'a'. They are not declined. Moreover, within a group beginning with the definite article only the noun is declined, while the preceding adjectives are used in their dictionary form, for example ain granet aldet xuz 'a big old house' vs. sa gran ald xuz 'the big old house'.
The definite article has a short form, s'., e.g. s'azberna 'the alphabet', not sa azberna. It is used before words beginning with vowels or in rapid speech. This is not an absolute rule, as the full form of the article may help differentiate between similar forms, such as s'and 'the end' vs. sand 'sand'.
If the definite article is used after the preposition 'to', it gets attached to it, so the resulting form is tas.
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